Raspberries are among the plants that do not create problems for gardeners to reproduce. There are many ways to breed this berry. The choice of method depends on what time the reproduction is carried out, how quickly you need to get the harvest from new bushes, etc.
Raspberry breeding rules
Regardless of the method of propagation of raspberries, it is necessary to comply with a number of requirements that ensure the receipt of high-quality planting material.
Rules for the propagation of raspberries:
- To obtain planting material use only healthy shrubs. Weakened, shorter, ill, ignore. Choose plants with:
- abundant fruiting;
- strong stems;
- healthy, bright green foliage.
- Malinnikov direct sunlight is contraindicated... Plant young raspberries in areas:
- with diffused lighting;
- not prone to flooding during precipitation and snow melting;
- on slightly acidic, loose and fertile soils.
- Plants are undemanding to moisture, but when planting young seedlings watering is required.
Raspberry is a perennial shrub whose shoots are capable of bearing fruit for no more than two years, then the stems die, in the first year buds form, in the second - fruiting branches.
Seasonal breeding features of raspberries
It is convenient to propagate raspberries, since you can do this at any convenient time. Except winter. Depending on the season, they choose the method of reproduction - there are preferences for each season.
It cannot be said which time of the year is preferable for the propagation of culture - spring, autumn or summer. Breeding efficiency in different seasons largely depends on the climate, breeding method, variety and other factors.
Features of seasonal reproduction:
- Spring. They start work before sap flow. During this period, you can use not only vegetative, but also seed propagation. Moreover, in the spring, almost all options for planting berries are acceptable - by offspring, division, cuttings.
- Summer. The best way for this pore is to propagate by green cuttings.
- Fall. Use cuttings or division.
Raspberry breeding methods and their features
There are many ways to breed raspberries. Preference is given to vegetative methods.
Root cuttings
Root cuttings - part of the root on which there are lateral branches capable of independent growth after separation from the rhizome.
Signs of a suitable root cuttings:
- thickness - more than 2 mm, optimal - 5 mm;
- length - 10-15 cm;
- the number of kidneys - 1-2 pieces.
Dig the soil, retreating 40 cm from the bush. Carefully separate the lateral processes from the central rhizome and remove from the ground, being careful not to damage the small roots.
Further actions depend on the season. Consider the process by the example of propagation by root layers in the spring.
The breeding order in the spring:
- Place the prepared shoots in the grooves prepared in advance for planting. Their depth is 10-15 cm.
- Sprinkle with soil and water liberally.
- Cover the plantings with foil to create a greenhouse effect and accelerate the appearance of green sprouts - as soon as they appear, remove the shelter.
If it's cold outside, the offspring can be planted not in furrows, but in boxes. And then put them in the greenhouse. The minimum container depth is 20 cm. The boxes are filled with a mixture of peat and sand (1: 1). Planting of plants is carried out when the weather is warm - around the end of May.
In autumn breeding, the excavated shoots are sent for storage. Features of autumn breeding:
- Root processes are placed in a trench (depth - 15 cm) and covered with soil. Top furrow is thrown with sawdust or leaves. The second option is bookmark in boxesfilled with sand, and storage in the cellar.
- Storage temperature planting material - 0 ... + 4 ° C. If it drops below this value, the shoots will die, if it is higher, they will sprout earlier than necessary.
The survival rate of root cuttings reaches 80%. Gardeners believe that this breeding method is best used in the fall. The optimal age of maternal bushes is 3-4 g.
Fruiting young bushes begin 2-3 years after planting.
Green cuttings
This breeding option is only suitable for summer. Cutting is carried out in cloudy weather.
Breeding order for green cuttings:
- Cut off the green shoot at ground level. Cut into pieces of 8-10 cm.
- Place the cuttings for 12 hours in a solution of a growth stimulator, for example, in Kornevin. The liquid should not be colder than + 18 ° С, otherwise the cuttings will not take root.
- Plant the cuttings in the trenches.
Plant cuttings in a greenhouse, as reproduction is carried out towards the end of summer, in anticipation of cold weather. If the landing is done in open ground, the plantings are covered with a film.
After a couple of weeks, feed the plants. Dilute a liter of mullein in 10 liters of water and pour them. After 1.5-2 months, transplant the seedlings to a permanent place.
On a young raspberry bush, the crop will appear in the second year.
Lignified cuttings
This breeding option is used in the fall, after the leaves fall, and the stems will turn brown. A lignified offspring is formed on the roots of the adventitious buds. For reproduction, a shoot is used, located at a distance of 0.3 m from the bush.
Reproduction order:
- In the first half of September, prune woody cuttings with pruning shears.
- Divide each shoot into pieces 25-30 cm long.
- Fold the planting material into the cellar, having previously wrapped it with a cloth and immersed in wet sand.
- When February comes, refresh the bottom cuts and soak in water for 12 hours.
- Place the cuttings in honey water (dilute 1 tsp in 1 liter). After a month, the roots will appear.
- When the roots reach 1 cm in length, move the cuttings in a container with soil. Make wide holes, place seedlings there and cover the roots with sand.
- Water the soil regularly, but not excessively. With waterlogging, the roots rot.
- After three weeks, the seedlings will take root, leaves will grow on them.
- Land in the ground in May.
Bushes obtained by planting lignified cuttings give the first berries in the second year.
Green root suckers
This method is used in spring. It allows you to quickly and easily get a mass of planting material. Harvest from bushes obtained from green root offspring is removed the next year after planting.
Reproduction order:
- Inspect the tops. Maternal bushes should not be damaged by disease or pests. If a plant is attacked by a raspberry fly, it is prohibited to use it for propagation.
- Step back 40-45 cm from the bush and dig out the growth that has reached 15-25 cm in height. Remove the plants along with the roots and clod.
- Prepare a pit for planting according to the size of the roots - they should fit freely in it. Sprinkle a mixture of compost and humus over the roots. Add to it another 1 tbsp. wood ash.
- Water the seedlings and mulch the soil.
When raspberries multiply by green root offspring, the survival rate reaches almost 100%.
Apical layers
The method is effective for purple and aronia raspberries. It is used in late August and early September. When the tops look like loops, then they are suitable for rooting.
The order of propagation by apical layering:
- Start the breeding process from May - choose flexible and thin shoots, and pinch the tops on them - so that the lateral roots develop better.
- Prepare the soil for layering. Loosen it, add peat and sand - one bucket per square meter.
- Dig furrows. The recommended depth is 10 cm. Tilt the stem so that 10-15 cm of the top of it touches the ground.
- Secure the top with a wire clip to the bottom of the furrow.
- Fill the laid tops with soil and water.
- In early autumn, using a secateurs, separate the stems of the mother bush from the young, retreating 30 cm.
- When the leaves fall off, cut off the remaining parts of the mother's shoots.
- Trim the tops of the cuttings to improve the growth of the side shoots.
- Dig out the cuttings with a lump of soil and transplant.
Fruiting of bushes planted by rooting the tops begins two years after planting.
Dividing the bush
As soon as the snow melts, the raspberries start growing. Already in March, it can be planted by dividing it into parts. But the best time for this method of reproduction is considered autumn.
Division propagation order:
- Dig up a bush with roots. Try not to damage them. Gently shake off the soil from the roots.
- Use a sharp pruning shears to divide the bush so that each part has 2-3 stems.
- Prepare planting holes. The optimum depth is 30-40 cm. Mix peat with sand (3: 1).
- Place the seedlings in the pits, cover with prepared soil mixture, and water.
This method is good for its simplicity and efficiency - the next year they are harvesting new bushes.
Growing raspberries from seeds
This is the longest and most difficult way. Ordinary gardeners practically do not use it. Firstly, there is a great variety of vegetative methods for breeding raspberries, and secondly, the seed method does not guarantee the preservation of varietal characteristics.
Seed propagation is usually practiced by breeders. They use it to breed new varieties. It is difficult for amateur gardeners to grow a varietal plant from seeds, but shrubs are obtained from them for the formation of hedges.
Seed propagation order:
- Gather the largest berries from raspberry bushes. Take only fully ripe fruits.
- Crush the berries in a saucepan.
- Rinse the mixture in water to separate the seeds from the pulp. Use a strainer to express water.
- Soak the seeds in water for 24 hours.
- Remove the seeds from the water and mix it with moistened sand. Place in fabric bags and store in the refrigerator.
- When March comes, sow the seeds in a container with soil mixture to a depth of 5 mm. Sprinkle the seeds with sand and cover the crops with a glass cover, water and ventilate them regularly.
- After the appearance of leaves, begin hardening of seedlings. Unhardened seedlings will die. Take out the boxes with seedlings to fresh air, gradually increasing the walking time from 1 to 24 hours.
- Plant seedlings in mid-May. Plant in the morning. Dig holes 10-15 cm deep and place seedlings there, sprinkle with soil and water.
- Cover the plantings with foil. Take it off after a month. After a couple of weeks, new leaves will appear on the seedlings.
The first berries from the bushes obtained by seeds are harvested 2-3 years after sowing.
Raspberry seeds can be stored in the basement. To do this, they are placed in boxes with moistened moss - it is sprayed with water 2 times a month.
Scottish raspberry propagation method
This method is considered to be very effective, as it allows you to quickly and easily get a lot of high-quality planting material.
Procedure:
- In March, fertilize the soil under the bushes. Mix peat, sand and sawdust (1: 1: 1). On 1 sq.m - a bucket of soil mixture. This activity is aimed at enhancing the formation of buds on the rhizomes.
- In September, the roots are divided into pieces, collected in small bunches, wrapped in cloth, placed in a box with wet sand and taken to the basement.
- With the onset of spring, move the root sections into a mixture of sand and peat (1: 1). Water liberally. After a couple of weeks, a lot of green shoots will appear.
- Plant the sprouts along with the rhizomes in the boxes. They quickly take root there.
- After a week, transplant the seedlings into separate pots. Fill them with a soil mixture of turf, sand and peat. Add superphosphate and dolomite flour to the mixture - add 5 and 50 g, respectively, to 100 liters of soil mixture.
A month after planting in pots, raspberry seedlings can be transplanted to a permanent place. It will take only 2 years, and young bushes will give the first harvest.
Repaired raspberries: what are they and features of reproduction
Repairing varieties differ from ordinary raspberries in long fruiting. She gives several harvests per season. Repairing raspberries have larger berries, they are quickly tied and ripen.
Repairing raspberries are propagated by vegetative methods and seeds. For reproduction, 2-3 year old bushes are used.
The easiest and most effective way
Repaired raspberries annually release new shoots from the roots, and some of them die off in the fall. Of those that survived, fruiting branches are obtained the next year. This feature allows you to harvest in the year of planting - in August-September.
This culture is characterized by the presence of a large number of young green shoots - in appearance it is very similar to nettle. The easiest way to reproduce remontant raspberries is considered to be the "nettle" method.
Reproduction "nettles":
- Rake the ground from the base of the green shoot.
- Cut it off by grabbing part of the white underground part of the stem (3-5 cm).
- Treat the planting material with stimulants and deepen it into a loose sandy-peat soil mixture. The entire root and part of the shoot must be underground.
- Water the plantings and cover with plastic bottles.
After 3-4 weeks, the plants will take root. When they are fully strengthened, they are planted in open ground. Landing time is at the end of June.
Repairing raspberries give few substitute shoots, for this reason it is not propagated by root offspring.
Landing in spring
Repairing raspberries are often propagated by lignified cuttings harvested in the fall - they are stored in the refrigerator or in the cellar. They are cut around the end of October. Cutting length - 20 cm.
In spring, raspberries are planted vertically - in pots with a loose and damp substrate, deepening by 1 cm. Shoot slices are pretreated with growth stimulants. Root cuttings are placed horizontally and sprinkled with earth.
In the southern regions, cuttings can be immediately planted in open ground, organizing protection from the sun and night frost. It is recommended to make holes in the film - for ventilation. In the fall, mature seedlings are planted in a permanent place.
Knowing the methods of breeding raspberries, you will be able to safely increase your berry “livestock” throughout the warm season. Using your own planting material, you will not only plant healthy and varietal raspberries, but also save money on buying seedlings.
Author of the publication
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Russia. City Novosibirsk
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