Grape grafting is an agrotechnical event that allows achieving several goals at once. For a grape plantation to be healthy and productive, learn to plant grape bushes. Let's find out what vaccination methods are, how to perform them, and why are they needed at all?
Features of grafting grapes
To vaccinate grapes, you will need:
- Graft. This is a kidney or stalk grafted onto a stock. The varietal qualities of berries and yield depend on the scion.
- Rootstock. This is the base on which the graft is grafted. It is the rootstock that determines how hardy and hardy the grape bush will be. It also affects some characteristics of the fruit and plant immunity. The task of the stock is to provide nutrition and growth.
The main thing that a gardener must learn when embarking on vaccinations is that not all scions take root on stocks. There are incompatible varieties. But, as a rule, they learn about incompatibility (affinity) experimentally.
There are vaccinations:
- Green. These include procedures carried out from spring to autumn. From the awakening of leaves to their fall. Types of green vaccinations:
- in the stem;
- to the root;
- green to green;
- black to black;
- black to green.
- Board. They are carried out in winter, removing the cuttings artificially from a state of rest. This is done in order to plant the already grafted vaccination in the spring.
Pros and cons of the procedure
By planting grape bushes, gardeners get several benefits at the same time:
- In grapes grafted onto a stock, resistance to phylloxera - the most dangerous pest of grapes - develops immunity.
- The ability to quickly grow in a limited area, the maximum of grape varieties and hybrids. You do not have to dig old bushes and plant young ones - you manage to get a crop faster.
- In weakly fruiting bushes, after grafting, the yield increases.
- If the bush has completely lost its shoots - due to frost, damping, damage by rodents, it can be restored in several seasons.
- Inaccessible and valuable varieties are quickly propagated by grafting.
- The use of frost-resistant rootstocks increases the frost resistance of the variety.
- The tolerance of demanding varieties to unfavorable conditions increases. Grafted on a stable and hardy stock, capricious varieties can safely grow on acidic, calcareous soils, as well as in areas with a high level of groundwater.
- Inoculating varietal cuttings on the stock of an early and early ripening variety, accelerate the ripening of fruits. This is especially beneficial for areas with short summers.
- Several varieties are allowed to be grafted onto one root - family bushes are created. It is both economy and decorative.
- By combining options for rootstocks and scions, they affect the characteristics of the fruit - size and taste.
The root system is the most valuable thing in old vines. It is impractical to uproot them - they can serve as a basis for growing other varieties.
Procurement and storage of scion
To obtain high-quality scion, cuttings (chubuki) are harvested in autumn. Harvesting occurs in October-November, before the start of frost. For the grafting to be successful, the cut must be perfectly straight. Before performing the procedure, it is advisable to practice cutting off unnecessary branches.
Do not use the upper part of the shoots as cuttings - about 30 cm, also avoid fatty, damaged, unripe, crooked and thin shoots.
Shank parameters:
- Shoot diameter - at least 8 mm.
- The minimum number of eyes is 2-3.
- The average length is 9-12 cm.
- Us - the shoot with which the grapes cling to the support must fall off at the lower node. A node is the location of leaves, inflorescences, buds and mustaches. A fallen mustache indicates the maturity of the cutting, and increases the chances of its survival. The node is selected developed, lignified.
- If you plan to inoculate several grafts at the same time on one root, they must have the same cross section.
For the preparation of the scion, only healthy bushes are used, bearing fruit for at least 3 years.
Harvested cuttings must be properly prepared for storage:
- Disinfect by dipping 3% in copper sulfate for 30 seconds.
- After drying, the cuttings are wrapped in polyethylene or wet cotton fabric, and stored. The storage place can be the bottom shelf of the refrigerator or the cellar. In the latter, they can be stored by laying in boxes with sand or sawdust. The optimum storage temperature is from -2 to + 2 ° C.
Selection and preparation of stock
It is better not to take very old bushes for the role of rootstock. The best option is plants aged 3 to 5 years. On such bushes grafts take root better.
Characteristics of a good stock:
- high frost resistance;
- vigorous bushes;
- disease resistance;
- well-developed underground shtamb.
The stock is also prepared for grafting - from spring to autumn. A few days before the procedure, the bush is fed. Use foliar dressing. Preference is given to preparations containing potassium and phosphorus. Many gardeners feed the vine with honey - it is spread on the branches a few days before cutting.
A week before vaccination, you must also:
- Cut into young stock young shoots, antennae and leaves growing from the bottom to the place of future vaccination.
- Water the bush abundantly, which will serve as a stock.
Vaccination Methods
There are several ways to vaccinate. There is nothing complicated in this procedure. The main thing is to learn the technique of execution and follow it exactly. All the methods described below provide a high survival rate.
To shtamb
The method is good in that two different varieties can be grafted onto one stem at the same time. Each cutting should have three buds, no less. Vaccination procedure:
- Excavate the stem to a depth of 30 cm. The width of the hole is 50 cm. Having determined the place of inoculation, make a cut in it - perpendicular to the trunk.
- Clean the saw cut with a knife, removing roughness.
- Use a rag to remove old bark, dirt and sawdust.
- Split the stem along the largest cut diameter. The depth of the split is 2-3 cm. Insert a wedge, for example, a screwdriver, into the split.
- Prepare scions - make cone-shaped slices 2.5 cm long on the cuttings. Make slices 5-7 cm below the lowest eye.
- Put the cuttings in water. Then lower the cuttings into a growth stimulator (gumiam or another) - for 7 seconds.
- Insert the cuttings into the stem so that their outer parts match. The bottom eye should look out.
- Remove the wedge, seal the gap between the scion and the stock with paper. Put a plastic wrap on top, and tie the stem.
- Coat the stem with clay without touching the grafts. This will save the bole and the vaccine from the cold in the winter.
- Sprinkle soil over the graft site and seal with a cut-off plastic bottle.
See how to plant grapes in a bush stem:
Into the cleavage
The method is usually used for black-to-black grafting in March-April. The graft is taken from a thick branch with a dark bark. It is cut off, departing from the node by 5 cm. Operation:
- Remove the cuttings from the storage area a couple of days before grafting. Sharpen the lower end to a height of 3-4 cm. Soak in stimulating solution.
- Dig in the stem of the bush and remove the bark.
- Make a split in the center of the trunk - a longitudinal cut 3-4 cm deep. The cutting tool must be sharply sharpened.
- On two sides, insert two cuttings into the cleft. Secure the graft with rope and coat with clay solution.
- Treat the vaccination site with garden varnish. Pour sawdust on top, then soil.
Half-split
This method runs like the previous one. The difference is in the number of grafted cuttings. Vaccination in the split is performed according to the “2 scion per rootstock” scheme, and in the half-split “on one rootstock - one scion” scheme. Vaccination time is March-April.
Drilling
Drilling grafting is even easier than splitting grafting. The method is characterized by a high survival rate of scions. Vaccination procedure:
- Remove the cuttings from the cellar. Wrap them in damp cloth. Let them lie down at room temperature.
- Peel the ends of the cuttings 0.5 cm from the bark.
- Find a drill of the same diameter as the scion. Disinfect it in potassium permanganate.
- Drill a hole 4-5 cm deep in the center of the barrel.
- Insert the scion into the hole. Coat the vaccine with a clay solution.
To increase the likelihood of survival, inoculate by drilling several cuttings on one trunk at once.
Copulation
For direct copying, cuttings of the same diameter are selected. They are soaked in water for 2 days. How to proceed:
- Make an oblique cut on the rootstock. The length of the cut should be twice the diameter of the barrel.
- On the scion, make a cut of such a size that it exactly matches the cut on the rootstock.
- Connect the scion and rootstock in slices. Tie inoculation with garden var.
- Sprinkle the grafting with loose soil. If the grafting is done correctly, after a while the sap will appear on the top.
Pasoka is a liquid that is released from damaged wood.
Budding in the butt
This is the best grafting method in springtime. Provides a high survival rate. The method is especially suitable for areas with high humidity.
The procedure for grafting into the butt:
- Tear off stepchildren and foliage from the vine on the rootstock.
- Make the wedge of the cutting pointed, tetrahedral.
- On the stock on the sides of the trunk, make corner cuts that match the size of the scion wedges.
- Attach the wedge of the cutting to the cut in the rootstock, tie with twine and process with garden pitch.
Vaccination is carried out from late May to early July. Lignified cuttings are planted in spring, and green cuttings in summer.
Back to back
This is an underground vaccination that is very easy to do in spring:
- Dig the stock 10 cm deep. Clean the stock from the soil.
- Cut the trunk to a depth of 5 cm. Select the drive and stock so that they are perfectly even and of the same diameter.
- Insert a thin wooden hairpin into the middle of the stock, perpendicular to the ground. Put a scion on top of it - in this way the scion and stock will be fastened.
- Wrap the vaccine with cotton soaked in potassium permanganate and then paper.
- Fill the hole with wet sawdust, cover the top with plastic wrap or a bag.
On an old bush
Grafting on an old bush allows you to get a harvest earlier than if a young seedling was planted. The grafted bush begins to bear fruit in 1-2 years. It is advisable to harvest cuttings in the fall. Inoculate in this way any variety can be.
The procedure for grafting on an old bush:
- Dig a hole near the rootstock bush. The depth of the pit is 20 cm. Completely remove the aerial part. You can graft from 1 to 4 grafts on the stem left after pruning the bush.
- Shank cuttings in the form of a wedge. Side - 2 cm, sharpening angle - 20-30 degrees.
- Split the stem with a knife 3 cm deep. Insert cuttings around the edges. To plant 4 cuttings, the diameter of the stem should be at least 7 cm. For this number of cuttings, make 2 splits. Insert 2 scions into each.
- Pull off the vaccination site. Cover the hole near the stem with soil and water abundantly.
To the root
Skeletal root grafting is chosen if the underground stem is very short and it is not possible to make a high-quality splitting. The stock is the skeletal root of the stem. It is separated from the trunk and fixed, tied to a small support. It is possible to graft a stalk into the root by any of the methods described above - into a split, half split, and others.
Re-vaccination
Inexperienced gardeners, dissatisfied with the taste of the grapes, dig out a bush, and a new seedling is planted in its place. But this path is not practical. It is easier to re-graft a bush if it is strong and healthy. Then the crop will be obtained in the 3rd year after grafting.
Re-grafting is done in early spring or late autumn, completely removing the aerial part of the bush. The graft is grafted into a split or “black to green”.
Below, watch a video about grafting grapes:
Conditions for good survival
The main conditions for successful survival:
- Tight contact between the stock and scion cuts.
- The cambial layers between the wood and bark must match exactly.
- Preservation of moisture harvested cuttings. The exception of their freezing, damage from waterlogging.
Vaccination at different times of the year
The season affects not only the survival rate of the scion, but also the choice of the method of vaccination. You can plant grapes in any season, even in winter. In this case, different methods are used.
Spring
Grape growers prefer to plant grapes in the spring. Vaccination terms are April-early May. They are guided not so much by numbers as by the temperature and condition of the bushes. Vaccinations begin after the start of sap flow - at this time, the highest survival rate.
Feature of grafting in spring:
- it is sheltered from the sun and frost if the scion begins to grow earlier than the rootstock;
- to activate sap flow, bushes are abundantly watered several days before vaccination.
In the spring, a black-to-black procedure is performed. Both parts - scion and stock are in the initial stage of budding.
Vaccination is carried out by cuttings harvested in the fall. In this way, individual shoots of a bush, grown rootstocks are grafted.
Summer
In summer, grapes are planted in June or July. The advantage of summer grafting is the ability to cut the cuttings right before the procedure. You can vaccinate using any of the methods - "green to green" or "black to green."
Vaccination conditions:
- overcast weather;
- temperature up to + 25 ° С;
- lack of precipitation;
- until 10am and after 6pm.
Green-to-green grafting is used in summer. It does not require the preparation of material in advance. Cut cuttings are immediately grafted onto the stock. Most often, by copulation.
In the summer, you can also graft cuttings harvested in the fall. They perform a new cut, which should go lower than the lower kidney. The cuttings slept for a long time, so they are activated by dipping them in Epin's solution for 15 minutes.
The stock is prepared by making one cut on the shoot, the second in the middle of the first. The scion is inserted into the connector so that the eyes of the scion and the stock look in different directions. The vaccine is fixed. Using a similar technology, graft "green on green" - only in this case, you do not have to soak the scion.
Fall
In autumn, grapes are usually grafted onto old roots using one of two methods - split or shtamb. This approach allows you to revive old bushes, increase yields and get a harvest in a year.
Conditions for vaccination and features of its implementation in the fall:
- Temperature not less than + 15 ° С. Vaccination terms are October-November.
- The bunches are completely harvested, the leaves should turn yellow.
- The cuttings are kept in a growth stimulator for 2 days before the procedure, and then inoculated in any suitable way.
Winter
Tablets are vaccinated in January-March. One-two-year-old bushes are used. Grafts are harvested from the fall in the usual way. Winter vaccination procedure:
- Late in the fall, when all the foliage from the bush falls off, dig the bush completely. Cut the bush, leaving 10 cm of the trunk.
- Disinfect a section in a weak solution of potassium permanganate.
- Put the stock in a box of wet sand. Sprinkle with sawdust and store in a cellar at zero temperature.
- Remove the stock from the cellar the day before the procedure. Clean, check the roots, cut off the damaged ones completely, and healthy ones - up to 15 cm. Transfer the bush to a room with a temperature of 18-20 ° C for several hours.
- When the bush is warm, lower the roots for a day in water at a temperature of 15 ° C.
- Dry the roots with a cloth, and then plant the stalk using any of the methods described above.
- Place the grafted bush in a container and cover with plastic wrap. Let it stand in a warm place for several weeks.
- After 2-3 weeks, move the bush to the cellar - let it wait for spring.
- In the spring, after reaching a temperature of 15 ° C, take the bush outside for hardening.Start it with a few hours, gradually increasing the intervals. After 2-3 days, plant a bush in the ground.
In this video, the gardener shows in detail how he does home, table, winter grape grafting:
Grafted Grape Care
The survival rate of the vaccine depends not only on the correctness of the procedure, but also on further care. How to care for a grafted bush:
- For a year after grafting, loosen the dirt mound around the seedling.
- 30-40 days after vaccination, remove the ground on one side and clean the roots that appeared on the handle. Trim them. It is necessary that the scion and stock are fused together. Trimming the roots, fill the hill with earth.
- Trim emerging growth from time to time.
- Spray the shoots with Bordeaux liquid every 10 days. First with a 0.5% solution, and then with 1%.
- If there is little rainfall in the first half of summer, moisten the soil every week.
- If the soil is poor, fertilize. Fertilize the land no more than three times per season.
- To prevent damage to the connection, attach shoots longer than 40 cm to supports or trellis.
- When the shoots become woody - in August, remove the earthen mound near the grafted bush.
For proper distribution of nutrients, prune the shoots for 4 years.
Common mistakes
Errors due to which the stalk does not take root:
- Due to improper storage of cuttings - non-observance of humidity, temperature and other conditions. If the cuttings dry out, they will never take root. For reliability, you need to wrap the cuttings in foil or dip them in paraffin.
- If the cleft is made too deep, it starts to rot. Moist air enters the splint, which causes decay.
- If you make the cut uneven, then the cutting does not take root. The cause of uneven cuts is a poorly sharpened tool.
Beginner Tips
When vaccinating, follow these rules:
- use only a clean, disinfected tool;
- follow the instructions for the selected method exactly;
- in order for the stalk to take root, achieve the closest possible contact between the scion and the stock;
- choose a scion with high resistance to diseases characteristic of a particular region;
- choose rootstock and scion with the same growth rate;
- procure material for spring vaccinations in the fall;
- in summer and autumn, use fresh material for vaccination;
- cut the cuttings away from you so that the cut is concave;
- cut the vine at right angles to the direction of growth;
- carry out the vaccination at a temperature of +15 ° C;
- take care of the grafted bushes using a special technology - until the stalk completely takes root.
At first glance, vaccination seems to be a troublesome business, not like all other agrotechnical measures. To master the art of vaccination, you need patience and responsibility - it is important to carry out all activities accurately and on time. But the reward is high - high yield, increased immunity and endurance, as well as new opportunities, discoveries and interesting experiments.
Author of the publication
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Russia. City Novosibirsk
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